144 Language, Citizenship and Identity in Quebecwith other ethnic minorities (see Section 2.3), which means that he legitimacy of [the French Canadian] claim for a distinct but universal and inclusive Quebec citizenship is not strong among immigrants and members of ethnocultural minorities�(Labelle and Sale 2001: 310). Fifth, there is strong resistance to Quebec nationalism and sovereignty among some immigrants and their descendants. The picture that Labelle and Sale paint is more negative than that of Helly and van Schendel, who consider that the majority of immigrants they interviewed had developed some sense of belonging to Quebec after several years in the province. However, for the group who represented the majority immigrant view, this belonging is described as remote, and French was regarded purely from an instrumental point of view, provoking no affective commitment. Quebec efforts to make its adult guests feel at home in French have not necessarily had the desired outcome, but this is perhaps understandable: An immigrant who learns French as an adult may have already adopted deep cultural commitments. Learning French does not require her to abandon any of them, although it is likely to open her to new influences and to make her less tied to, because less dependent upon, her culture of origin. [ An immigrant to Quebec who learns French as a child is likely to be much more profoundly affected by the experience than one who learns it as an adult. To learn a language as a child is normally to acquire a culture, at least to some extent, in part because one learns the language primarily in the course of learning other things. [ Thus, it seems plausible to argue that a language acquired as a child is normally much more likely to have the intimate connection to one most fundamental cultural commitments [ than a language acquired as an adult. (Carens 2000: 128�) The experience of migration as an adult, then, can be distinct from that of a child or a young person in terms of integration into the host society. The following section examines the situation of young people of immigrant background in Quebec.7.3Les enfants de la loi 101Les enfants de la loi 101 or la gnration 101 are expressions that refer to the children of immigrants who arrived after the introduction of the Charter of the French language in 1977 (see Section 5.1), and who were either born in another country or in Quebec of immigrant parents. In other settler societies, such as Australia and France for example, the usual term for designating this particular group is he second generation� those children who have been socialised, partially or wholly, in the host society. What these terms have in common is that they allow us o continue to think of mmigrants�as
