Contemporary Chicano Struggles10J_involved a minimum of 814 direct victims. The incidents included 55 cases of physical abuse and 11 cases of shootings ending in death or serious injury. Physical abuse by immigration law enforcement officials making an arrest was the most frequently occurring abuse in the five areas. The types of abuse experienced by Chicanos and other Latinos at the hands of immigration officials included: "tightening handcuffs so that victims' wrists were injured; kicking victims during pat searches; striking victims with a variety of instruments and pushing victims against a series of objects." As a result of these abuses, unarmed Latinos experienced injuries ranging from bruises to fractures.33 Latinos were also subjected to inappropriate use of firearms that often resulted in death or serious injury. In most of the incidents, "victims were killed or injured by gun shot wounds to the back as persons... attempted to return across the border to Mexico." Improper use of firearms included "firing warning shots or pointing firearms at victims during non-life threatening situations."34 Chicanos have not remained passive in the face of the violence. Across the country campaigns are underway against the violence. San Diego is the site of one campaign that reflects the thrust of antiviolence mobilization. Spearheading the campaign is a coalition of Chicano organizations working together as the Raza Rights Coalition (RRC). In order to deter police abuse, the RRC in 1992 initiated community patrols to monitor police activity. Usually conducted once a week, these patrols involve RRC members forming a caravan of vehicles with cameras and other equipment. During the course of the caravan, the RRC distributes bilingual leaflets outlining its position and demands on the police and immigration issues. In May 1993, the RRC held its 2nd Tribunal against Police-Migra Terror. The objectives of the tribunal included: illuminating law enforcement abuses, in particular violence against Chicanos; mobilizing Chicanos against the abuses; and providing documentation for presentation to international human rights agencies. The event involved testimony from victims of abuses and witnesses to abuses as well as testimony from representatives from organizations active on the issue of police and immigration misconduct. When immigrant bashing became common in California during the summer of 1993, the RRC denounced the practice as actions motivated by racism and electoral ambitions. It also initiated a series of actions in order to achieve its goals of securing the elimination of the U.S. Border Patrol, the demilitarization of the border, and the resignation of the San Diego Border Patrol Sector Chief. In early October, the RRC joined with other Chicano organizations to sponsor a march and rally to protest the immigrant bashing. One of these groups was the American Friends Service Committee U.S.-Mexico Border Project. Directed by internationally recognized human rights activist Roberto Martinez, this group labors to achieve protection for the human rights of immigrant workers by documenting human rights abuses and mobilizing opposition to the abuses. In early 1990, for example, the project supported a march by the Comite Civico Popular Mixteco (CCPM), a statewide organization of Mixtec Indian immigrants from Mexico. The march was conducted to pro-
