1. Global political and economic trendsnavigation systems also play a role in ensuring a sustainable mobility. Taking into account environmental concerns is the major challenge of sustainable mobility policies, which emphasises the interdependence of mobility policies with other issue areas such as energy, environment or resources. Mobility could be understood in a broad sense, including not only land, air and sea traf, but also migration and refugee streams. In the following section, mobility will be limited to transportation issues, and focus on shipping, air transportation and land transportation. Ninety percent of trade worldwide is done by shipping, which underlines the vital importance of the shipping industry and of maritime services for the global economy. One of the main issues of concern for shipping in 2008 was piracy, as the number of piracy acts increased exponentially, particularly along the Somali coast. Two UN Security Council (UNSC) resolutions were adopted in 2008 to ht against piracy and to protect the commercial ships.40 Another important trend in shipping is the growing concern about sustainability and environment. Although shipping is the most environmentalfriendly transportation means, sea pollution is a serious issue. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) is tackling these issues by issuing a series of legal instruments. In September 2008, the latest IMO Convention entered in force, the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships.41 In September 2008, Airports Council International (ACI) released its global traf forecast 2008�027.42 After several years of strong growth, global passenger traf is expected to increase at a slower pace in 2008 and 2009, following the ancial crisis. The 5 billion passengers mark will be surpassed by 2009, and by 2027, 11 billion passengers are expected to travel by air. The potential for domestic traf growth remains very high in Eastern Asia emerging economies, whereas the biggest market, North America, witnessed a negative growth in 2008. Concerns about future energy policies, fuelled by the rise of oil prices in the st half of 2008, lead to increased interest in biofuels for airplanes. In February 2008, an Airbus A380 was the st plane to with a biofuel powered engine, and since then several airlines tested biofuels. The car industry violently suffered from the ancial crisis. An emergency plan was launched in the U.S. to save the country聮s automotive industry in December 2008, and several major car producers, like Toyota, had record losses in 2008. The car sales between September and December 2008 decreased by 30% and the American, European and Japanese markets are expected to stay weak for a longer period. In this sector too, the growing trend of 聯green investments聰 continued in the course of 2008 and 2009, with more and more major companies investing in sustainable concepts such as the hybrid technology.13
